The Microbiome Is Redefining What It Means to be Human

This chapter explores the role of gut microbiota, advocating for its recognition as an “organ.” It highlights gut microbiota's significant functions in human health, such as immune regulation, organ development, and neurotransmitter production. The chapter also examines gut microbiota's unique attributes, including independent reproduction, non-genetic inheritance, and formation influenced by social interactions. These factors challenge the traditional definitions of “organs” and prompt a rethinking of our biological definition of “human,” considering whether symbiotic microbiota should be part of the standard human anatomical structure. The implications of this perspective extend beyond medicine, potentially affecting social sciences, ethics, and law. The chapter posits a shift toward recognizing humans as a “superorganism,” leading to potential academic revolution across disciplines studying humankind.