Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Ferrofluid in Partially Heated Closed Rectangular Microchannel Tube Under Non-uniform Magnetic Field

This manuscript presents experimentally and numerical simulation works about the influence of convective parameters on single-phase, temperature-sensitive kerosene-based ferrofluid (1.36% vol. \({\text{Fe}}_{3} {\text{O}}_{4}\) ) under the steady-state free convection in a partially heated thermomagnetic convection closed transparent rectangular tube loop under an external non-uniform magnetic field (created by a permanent magnet B = 1000 G). Several numerical simulations are performed to analyze various critical dimensions and nondimensionless factors such as magnetic field strength, velocity-temperature distribution, heat transfer augmentation, and Nusselt number (Nu) variation with an aspect ratio (L/D), in addition, understanding the two essential mechanisms, thermomagnetic convection and Kelvin body force (KBF) for fluid flow. The simulation results agreed with practical values obtained from the ferrofluid microchannel cooling system experiments. In addition, results validation of simulation and experiment model and grid analysis are discussed in this manuscript. The numerical results revealed that magnetizing force impacts the heat transfer rate, and the outcomes report shows that a magnetic field perpendicular to the temperature gradient can enhance heat transfer. The overall computational works are consistent with experimental results, and numerical results showed that the kerosene-based ferrofluid has good potential for coolant application under a controlled magnetic field and power resource.