Dimensional Engineering of 2D/3D Perovskite Halides for Efficient and Stable Solar Cells

Hybrid perovskite halide materials are explored for their extraordinary optoelectronic properties and show outstanding photovoltaic performance. The outstanding photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with low-cost materials using solution processing is the key to the improvements over other solar cell technologies. The perovskite halide materials have the general formula of ABX3 (where A = CH3NH3+, FA+, and Cs; B = Pb, Sn, and X = I, Br or Cl), for example, MAPbI3, CsPbI3, FAPbI3, etc., which comes under the 3D type of perovskite halide materials. However, despite providing excellent photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of over 25%, the 3D PSCs and the 3D perovskites are not stable for a long duration under extreme environmental conditions. On the contrary, the 2D perovskite halides have excellent air stability and enhanced structural and thermal stability compared to 3D perovskite halides, however, suffer from low PCE. The recent trend indicates that the mixed dimensional strategy, i.e. the mixture of 2D/3D perovskite halides is a possible strategy that will enable to balance not only the environmental stability and PCE at the same time. In this context, many researchers have contributed to significant progress in the field of PSC and taking the technology towards commercialization. This chapter summarizes the recent advances in PSCs that are based on 2D perovskite and hybrid 3D + 2D mixed/3D/2D layered perovskite materials.