Important Biomarkers for Better Evaluation of Checkpoint Inhibitors and Other Immunotherapies in Lung Cancer

Immune checkpoint blockade has drastically changed the way that cancer is treated, and it also gives cancer patients hope for the future. However, a sizable proportion of individuals continue to show no improvement after receiving this treatment. To predict the effectiveness of immune checkpoint antagonists, it is necessary to include biomarkers. This chapter provides an overview of the prognostic value of well-known biomarkers, including tumour mutational load, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, mismatch repair deficiency, and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression level. The predictive value of tumour mutations, circulatory variables, immune-related parameters, and gut flora are all covered in this article along with immunotherapy treatment. Further, fresh developing biomarkers that must be confirmed in future clinical research are addressed, as well as potential indicators for illness that progresses excessively.