Next-Generation Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which has been considered a pandemic due to its growing pervasiveness in the world population, is associated with obesity, ageing, a sedentary lifestyle, and the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Globally, adult diabetic cases hit 537 million in 2021 and escalated to approximately a billion by 2045. In T2DM, the metabolic pathophysiological state impairs insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, β-cell functionality, and immune-metabolic harmony and introduces dysfunction of insulin-responsive tissues. Research in the biomedical discipline innovates a plethora of anti-diabetic therapeutic candidates, but very few are clinically successful, although drug delivery, immunological approaches, oligonucleotide therapy, and regenerative and transplantation medicines contribute to a wide range of therapeutic dimensions. Therefore, understanding this complex pathophysiological state needs to be extensively studied, and new molecules are required to be revealed at the earliest. In this chapter, we have precisely discussed the recently developed and potent, underdeveloped therapies for the treatment of T2DM. Participation of analogues, agonists, antagonists, activators, and inhibitors targeting specific components in the context of insulin resistance (IR) holds promise for addressing both IR and T2DM. Additionally, we delve into the exploration of newly developed immune-based therapies and diverse approaches for administering insulin to individuals with T2DM.