Customizing Arduino LMiC Library Through LEAN and Scrum to Support LoRaWAN v1.1 Specification for Developing IoT Prototypes

The release of LoRaWAN in 2015 introduced specification v1.0, which outlined its key features, implementation, and network architecture. However, the initial version had certain flaws, particularly vulnerabilities to replay attacks due to encryption keys, counters, and nonce schema. To address these concerns, the LoRa Alliance subsequently released v1.1 of the LoRaWAN specification. This updated version aimed to enhance security by introducing new encryption keys, additional counters, and a revised network architecture. While the original LoRaWAN v1.0 specification spawned various device library implementations, such as IBM’s LoRaWAN MAC in C (LMiC) from which Arduini-lmic was derived, none of these existing implementations adopted the improved security features of the LoRaWAN v1.1 specification. To address the lack of an open-source implementation for v1.1 end devices on open hardware platforms and to leverage the security enhancements of v1.1, a solution was devised and implemented to adapt the Arduino-lmic library. This adaptation process followed the principles of continuous improvement derived from the LEAN software development methodology, combined with the utilization of the Scrum framework.