Applications of Nanotechnology in Converging the Biomarker Science for Advancement in Cancer Detection and Treatment

Cancer biomarkers with high selectivity, specificity, and reproducibility assume fundamental task in diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of therapy efficiency in cancer patients. As of late, different nanomaterials have been used in cancer diagnostics. Many tumor biomarkers have been found in vitro and in vivo using imaging techniques associated with nanodevices. Molecularly selective ligand-covered splendid metal nanoclusters are an intriguing class of nanomaterials with tremendous capability for tumor biomarker detection. Their biocompatibility, minimal toxicity, and potential for controlled functionalization with cancer biomarker-specific moieties distinguish them. In the past decade, accretion of fundamental information has brought about an incredible breakthrough in this field. By finding novel genetic and epigenetic biomarkers, nanooncology has enabled the creation of more sensitive biosensors for early cancer detection and advanced multifunctionalized nanoparticles for cancer imaging and targeting. The most commonly employed nanomaterials in cancer diagnosis and treatment are discussed in this overview. Based on their physicochemical and biological features, we highlighted the suitability of these nanomaterials for cancer surveillance. We further investigated the related difficulties with the several nanomaterials, which bound its utilization and hinder the interpretability into the medical milieu in specific cancer types.