Diagnostic Biomarkers of Urinary Bladder Cancer and Their Applications: An Update

Bladder cancer, also known as Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is one of the most prevalent cancer of layers of bladder. The most recent GLOBOCAN statistics show that bladder cancer makes up 3% of all cancer diagnoses worldwide, with a disproportionately high rate of occurrence in men as compared to women. Since past few decades, incidences of bladder cancer are increasing and the exact tumor stage can be determined by method of staging and grading system. The real cause of the bladder cancer still needs to be investigated because of nonspecific progression of these cancer cells. Keeping these points in mind, this chapter covers the plausible causes and associated risk factors for bladder cancer, prognosis and diagnostic biomarkers, and their role in UBC. The study of biomarkers is important in explaining the biology of UBC along with their clinical implications in treatment of UBC. By tackling these problems, experts can design and improve the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for urinary bladder cancer.