Tumor Inflammatory Microenvironment in Lung Cancer: Heterogeneity and Implications

Tumor diseases continue to pose a significant global health challenge, accounting for a substantial portion of human mortality. The formation and progression of tumors are intricately linked to genetic and epigenetic alterations within the cells, as well as dynamic interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME plays a pivotal role in shaping the course of tumor diseases, particularly in the context of solid tumors like lung cancer, which exerts a profound impact on human health worldwide. This chapter delves into the multifaceted nature of the TME, encompassing a diverse array of tumor-related cells and stromal cells that collectively contribute to tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Distinct physical and chemical attributes set the TME apart from the typical human environment, comprising tumor cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, extracellular matrix components, degrading enzymes, and a variety of growth and inflammatory factors. Interactions between tumor cells and the TME are bidirectional and dynamic, occurring through cellular or cell-free contacts and mediated by various molecular effectors. This review aims to provide an overview of the evolving understanding of the TME, highlighting its pivotal role in cancer biology and its potential as a target for therapeutic interventions. By unraveling the complexities of the TME, we may uncover novel strategies to combat tumor diseases and improve patient outcomes.