Role of Synbiotics in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Age-related neurodegenerative diseases affect larger group of people across the countries. The implication of the gut microbiome (GM) in neurodegenerative disorders has been under investigation over the past few years. Recent studies suggested the importance of gut microbiota in diseases like Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Gut microbiota dysbiosis may be considered as a crucial factor for the progression of above mentioned diseases. The microbiota–gut–brain (MBG) axis is now studied in detail for their role in the pathogenesis of PD and AD. MGB axis is bidirectional pathway that involves neuroimmune, neuroendocrine, and direct neural systems such as the vagus nerve. Synbiotics are the combination of pre- and probiotics that have significant contribution in the growth of useful GM. In addition, the role of various types of diet in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases have been studies well. GM have various roles including modulation of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and synthesis of various neurotransmitters. Various preclinical and clinical studies revealed the exciting potential of pre- and probiotics. In addition to neurodegeneration, synbiotics are being studies for their anti-aging potential and health benefits. However, further various preclinical and clinical data needs to be generated to come for some conclusion on the efficacy of synbiotics in neurodegenerative disorders. In this chapter we will focus and limit to two main neurodegenerative diseases, namely, PD and AD. We will evaluate the impact of GM on PD and AD. In addition, the influence of diet and lifestyle on the gut microbiome will also be discussed.