Between the years 1631 and 1679, maize was introduced to Romania in the form of germplasm, somewhat transformed; several forms could be distinguished. Among these, a more obvious differentiation was observed in the indurated forms with the “flint grain,” probably as a result of the introduction of this type of maize, earlier in Romania compared to the dented one, but we appreciate that the main motivation found was the Romanian peasant’s preference for flint grain. The arrival of maize in Romania was met with great interest and joy, constituting a special event for the peasant, who got closer to maize, perhaps more than any other species. The high potential of production, as well as the wide use of maize in numerous domains, places this species among the most extensive species cultivated in Romania, occurring in second place in terms of area after wheat, and in terms of production, it is in the first place. For the survival of a species, the presence of genetic variability in all morphophysiological traits is essential. Thus, in Suceava Gene Bank, over 1000 accessions have been characterized over the course of 20 years, showing a high level of heterogeneity between local populations. Besides phenotypic assessment, it determined the main quality traits (protein, fat, and starch content) and the genetic variability using AFLP, RAPD, and SNP markers. The main objective of this chapter is to emphasize the rich diversity of the Romanian maize landraces, a particularly useful genetic material in prebreeding and breeding programs. Through the evaluation of genotypic and phenotypic variability, new sources of germplasm were identified, which can be used in crosses with inbreed lines or hybrids, determining an increase in resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors, their quality, and implicitly their productivity.