The Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (RIPGR) is the national scientific center for the global genetic resources of cultivated plants and their wild relatives. These resources are conserved as collections of national status, presented in the form of seeds, vegetative and reproductive parts of plants, and plantations of perennial crops. The RIPGR’s collections are among the largest in the Central Asian region in terms of botanical, genetic, geographic, and ecological diversity of its accessions. The collections of genetic resources of cultivated plants and their wild relatives are the property of the republic and are considered a national treasure. The RIPGR is the main creator, holder, and custodian of these collections. The aim and subject of the RIPGR’s activities is to conduct fundamental and applied scientific research aimed at guaranteed conservation in a living form, development, study, and rational use of the collections of the global genetic resources of cultivated plants and their wild relatives. These efforts are designed to solve problems that ensure food, environmental, and bioresource security of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Additionally, the RIPGR aims to obtain new knowledge, the introduction of scientific achievements, and the best practices in the field of the agro-industrial complex. These efforts contribute to its technological, economic, and social development. This chapter provides a brief overview of the development of the Uzbekistan national genebank during the last century.