This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the Lebanon Gene Bank, known as NGB-LARI. It examines the historical evolution, core objectives, collection composition, management strategies, and pivotal role in safeguarding plant genetic resources for food security, sustainability, and the preservation of Lebanon’s botanical heritage. Starting with an in-depth examination of NGB-LARI’s historical evolution and mission, this chapter underscores the Gene Bank’s commitment to preserving Lebanon’s plant genetic resources, which are essential for ensuring food security and invaluable for scientific research. The composition of the Gene Bank’s collections is rigorously analyzed, emphasizing the diversity and uniqueness of the crop collections it safeguards. The impact of international agreements, notably the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS), on the management of plant genetic resources, is carefully evaluated. NGB-LARI’s proactive and multifaceted management is explored, covering institutional aspects, financial considerations, procurement procedures, policy matters, staff management, leadership, key performance indicators, procedural efficiency, quality management systems (QMSs), and risk management. Furthermore, this chapter offers valuable insights into the strategies and approaches employed for the conservation of genetic resources. It encompasses various stages of the Gene Bank’s operations, including physical infrastructure, acquisition of genetic materials, collection maintenance, seed processing, storage, viability testing, regeneration, characterization, distribution, safety duplication, and comprehensive data management. Additionally, the chapter provides a snapshot of the current status of NGB-LARI and outlines measures designed to foster its continued development. It sheds light on ongoing research initiatives aimed at addressing the challenges posed by global climate change and achieving sustainable agricultural production. The chapter concludes by offering thoughtful recommendations for future research and utilization of the Gene Bank’s invaluable resources, ensuring that Lebanon’s unique plant genetic heritage continues to contribute to global biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture.