Molecular Insights and Risk Factors Associated with Small and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

With approximately two million new cases and 1.76 million deaths annually, lung cancer is one of the most commonly found malignancies and the main reason for cancer-related deaths globally. In the last two decades, a significant advancement in disease biology knowledge, the use of predictive biomarkers, and changes in treatment have changed outcomes for many patients. From the lungs, lung cancer has the potential to spread to the body’s lymph nodes or other organs. The lungs may potentially become infected with cancer from other organs. Small cell and non-small cell lung tumours are the two primary subtypes of lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer is less frequent than non-small cell lung tumours. Moreover, lung cancer has a significant genetic diversity and just a small number of frequent recurrent mutations. However, these genetic changes frequently affect a similar group of carcinogenic signalling pathways. Making an early diagnosis of lung cancer is one of the biggest hurdles because the disease is typically discovered in its late stages, which indicates a bad prognosis. So, tumour biomarkers are crucial for early diagnosis, understanding carcinogenesis, determining prognosis, and selecting the best treatment. Among lung cancer survivors, independent or combined effects of treatment, ageing, coexisting diseases, and psychological variables are likely to result in late effects such as organ dysfunction, persistent fatigue, pain, or premature death. Lung cancer survivors and their healthcare professionals should benefit from new understanding since it will assist in formulating clinical guidelines that will improve their long-term survival and quality of life.