Urinary Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is the most common urothelial malignancy and the second most common genitourinary cancer. About 90% of all bladder tumors originate from the urothelium and hence are called transitional cell carcinoma. The biological behavior of bladder cancer shows a heterogeneous pattern, and the spectrum of disease at presentation could vary from indolent low-grade cancer to metastatic disease. The concept of field change is well seen in this cancer. Frequent use of endoscopy, advanced optics, and intravesical therapy is unique to the management of this cancer. The role of minimally invasive radical cystectomy, utilization of enhanced recovery pathways after surgery, a better understanding of bladder preservation protocols, use of urinary and tissue biomarkers, and use of systemic and intravesical immunotherapy are at the forefront in the management of this disease. This chapter will give clinicians a better understanding of bladder malignancies in terms of diagnosis and management strategies and also a brief overview of the recent developments ongoing in this field.