Rectal Cancer

The incidence of colorectal cancer in India seems to be rising based on hospital registrations. Besides the growing population, other factors like westernization, obesity, and possibly environmental factors may account for this. As per the national cancer registry programme document projected case burden in 2020 for colon and rectum cancer is 51,906 and 46,247, respectively. Management of rectal cancer has seen tremendous change over the last few decades. Newer modalities of treatments, more efficient application of current approaches, newer technologies have improved outcomes significantly, e.g., neoadjuvant radiotherapy has decreased local recurrence rates with few complications. Newer surgical modalities like laparoscopic and robotic surgery had equivalent oncological outcomes with less perioperative morbidities. This chapter aims to gather all current evidence-based treatment options and guidelines about rectal adenocarcinoma.