3D Visible Light Positioning Methods with Photodiodes

Positioning with photodiodes (PDs) can achieve centimeter-level accuracy and kilohertz positioning rate, and the hardware is energy-efficient, inexpensive, and small in size. In this chapter, the mathematical model of PDs is introduced, and it is shown how PD arrays can be used to estimate the angle of arrival (AOA). Based on the AOA samples, 3D visible light positioning (VLP) algorithms and LED coordinates database construction schemes are also developed. Finally, a novel system that can automatically construct the LED database and estimate the receiver coordinates is presented.