Soil contamination is a significant issue driven by growing populations, urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural intensification. These factors contribute to the introduction of unwanted chemicals, pollutants, and dyes into the soil, leading to reduced soil fertility and a decline in microbial communities. Although various remediation techniques, such as physical, chemical, and natural (bioremediation) methods, exist, they face limitations, including restricted site applicability, single-cell type usage, seasonal variability in microbial communities, and the necessity of binding pollutants to plant roots. Nanotechnology offers a promising solution to these challenges in soil restoration. For example, the application of nZVI nanomaterials has shown an efficiency of approximately 86.83% in converting hexavalent chromium in soil. It also demonstrates effectiveness in remediating other heavy metals, with arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) remediation rates at about 82%, zinc (Zn) at 72%, and cadmium (Cd) at 42%. Additionally, iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) from the Chlorococcum sp. MM11 strain have achieved a 92% remediation rate for chromium. Similarly, bio-nanocomposites have been used to remediate cadmium, arsenic, and lead at concentrations of 31.3%, 62.3%, and 59.9%, respectively. Furthermore, silver (AgNPs) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) derived from Cassia occidentalis have shown around 95% efficiency in reducing 4-nitrophenol dye. This chapter focuses on the various types of soil pollutants, with particular emphasis on chemical pollutants and heavy metals, including potentially toxic metals (PTMs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and organic pollutants such as atrazine, molinate, chlorpyrifos, pyrene, lindane, trichloroethylene (TCE), pentachlorophenol, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and ibuprofen. Additionally, the chapter highlights the advantages of nanomaterials over phyto- and microbial remediation, showcasing examples of nanomaterials derived from both plant and microbial sources for enhanced soil fertility restoration and stability.