Stroke is a pathological state distinguished by an interruption in the cerebral vasculature, resulting in diminished oxygen delivery to the brain, consequent neural impairment, and subsequent functional impairment. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in pre-clinical cerebral stroke research, specifically focusing on advancing biomaterial-based therapies aimed at facilitating tissue repair and enhancing functional recovery. These strategies employ biomaterials as a means of providing structural support for the regeneration of tissues or as carriers for therapeutic agents. Biomaterials, namely, hydrogels, nanoparticles, scaffolds, liposomes, biomimetic nanoparticles, etc., have been explored for their usage in efficiently managing cerebral stroke. Certain challenges need to be addressed for the effective delivery of therapeutics and diagnosis of stroke conditions. Although various biomaterials have been subjected to experimentation in stroke models, there is presently a need for more comprehensive assessments regarding the efficacy of these methodologies and strategies. Thus, the current book chapter provides a bird’s overview of the brief pathology of cerebral stroke and its implications followed by biomaterials employed in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral stroke. This chapter also furnishes an account of the recent breakthroughs in biomaterials science for cerebral stroke.