Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis, are characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, leading to cognitive and motor impairments. This chapter explores the role of biomaterials in developing therapeutic strategies for these debilitating conditions. Biomaterials, both natural and synthetic, have been engineered to interact with biological systems to protect and regenerate neural tissues. They offer innovative solutions for drug delivery, ensuring continuous and localized treatment while overcoming barriers like the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCFB). The chapter discusses various biomaterials, including polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and poly(caprolactone) (PCL), and their applications in neuroprotection and drug delivery. These materials can encapsulate drugs, growth factors, or gene therapy vectors, enhancing their stability, bioavailability, and targeting efficiency. The use of nanoparticles, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and liposomes, is highlighted for their ability to deliver therapeutic agents directly to affected brain regions, improving treatment efficacy and minimizing systemic side effects. Additionally, the chapter examines the challenges and future prospects of using biomaterials for CNS drug delivery, including the need for biocompatibility, biodegradability, and controlled release mechanisms. It emphasizes the potential of nanotechnology, particularly polymeric and lipid-based nanoparticles, in providing targeted and sustained drug delivery to combat neurodegenerative diseases. Through these advancements, biomaterials hold promise for significantly improving the management and outcomes of neurodegenerative diseases.