Neurodegenerative conditions such as spinal cord damage, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease pose a serious global challenge. Even with extensive research efforts aimed at fully understanding their underlying mechanisms, the precise causes of some illnesses are still unknown. There are currently only symptomatic remedies available to ease pain. Nowadays, biomaterials play a vital part in both understanding the underlying complexities of the disease and also as therapeutic strategies. Biomaterials offer very significant advantages since they can duplicate the extracellular matrix environment and promote the proliferation of many cell types, to encourage cellular proliferation and make transplanting effective. Moreover, they are crucial as transporters of medicinal compounds that efficiently treat neurodegenerative diseases. The synthesis and characterization of biomaterials that have demonstrated promise in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are the main topics of this book chapter. Different biomaterials have been developed to encapsulate and transport therapeutic medications and contrast agents to the (CNS), including hydrogels, liposomes, and nanoparticles. Innovative methods, such as nanotechnology, are used in the manufacturing of these biomaterials to ensure effective drug delivery while minimizing possible side effects. Furthermore, understanding these biomaterials’ physicochemical characteristics has been made possible by their characterization. To learn more about the structural and functional attributes of these materials, methods like 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential investigations have been used. This book chapter emphasizes the tremendous potential of biomaterial-based systems in treating neurodegenerative diseases and calls for more study in this important field of neuroscience and biomedical engineering by showcasing current developments in biomaterial synthesis and characterization.