The proliferation of diverse advanced biomaterials suitable for medical applications is an ongoing phenomenon. The pursuit of novel biomaterials and their potential applications is progressively assuming greater importance and complexity in the realm of research and development. However, further research is necessary to enhance the efficacy of these biomaterials and explore novel applications for them in the field of human healthcare. Numerous biomaterials have demonstrated significant achievements in their designated medical applications. This observation does not imply the absence of potential for enhancement. The objective of the introductory section in this chapter pertaining to biomaterial applications is to present a concise overview of the accomplishments and notable challenges encountered within this domain, specifically in relation to health-related applications. The present chapter encompasses an introductory overview of the definitions and historical background pertaining to biomaterials, as well as their applications in the field of neuroprotection.