Emerging pollutants (EPs) have been identified and quantified in living things and various environmental substances in recent years. Basically, chemicals that are either man-made or naturally occurring and have the potential to enter the environment and have a negative influence on both the ecosystem and human health are referred to as emerging pollutants. However, the harmful effects of environmental exposure on the general population are largely unknown and less covered. They are not currently being monitored and analyzed in the environment, although they contribute a major threat to the ecosystem and to human health, as well as causing environmental harm. Perfluorinated chemicals, by-products of water treatment, gasoline additives, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, nanomaterials, human and veterinary medications, and UV filters, are some of the most common developing toxins. Numerous pollutants have been also reported and considered to increase the risk of cancer. Moreover, the EPs, also referred to as micropollutants, cause major harm to the environment and to human health and have made them a significant concern for the entire world’s population in recent years. The existence of EP in the environment, its toxicological effects on health, and future perspectives regarding potential removal and treatment options including practical considerations, recent novel processes, new avenues, and solution strategies will be comprehensively discussed in this book chapter. Well, EPs are constantly being reported all over the world and considered as a major threat to the mankind and environment that needs to be addressed immediately on a global scale. The current study summarizes the overall impact and effect on emerging pollutants on human health and environment.