This study addresses the periodic phase error problem arising from the nonlinear response of instruments in structured light three-dimensional measurement systems. A novel phase error correction algorithm that integrates complementary Gray codes and reverse error compensation is proposed. The algorithm utilizes complementary Gray codes to assist in phase unwrapping, thereby reducing computational resources and improving the accuracy of the unwrapping process. Furthermore, effective phase error compensation is achieved through two measurements and their phase averaging, significantly enhancing the system's measurement accuracy. Simulation experiments are conducted to analyze the specific impact of nonlinear response on phase measurement, and theoretical derivations validate the effectiveness of the reverse compensation method in eliminating periodic phase errors. The experimental results demonstrate that, compared to traditional methods, the proposed algorithm improves measurement accuracy by more than 80%, confirming its efficacy. This research offers a new solution for enhancing structured light measurement systems.