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Nicotinamide (NAM) adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) serves as a crucial metabolite and coenzyme involved in regulating various metabolic pathways and processes of cellular biology, including energy metabolism, aging, cell death, DNA repair, gene expression, etc. Notably, to maintain its intracellular levels, NAD+ is in a homeostatic state of biosynthesis, consumption, recycling, and degradation at both cellular and systemic levels. In mammalian cells, three canonical pathways for NAD+ biosynthesis have been identified. The homeostasis of NAD+ is essential for human health, and a decline in NAD+ levels is closely associated with the development and progression of age-related diseases. Therefore, we summarize the recent advances in NAD+ biosynthesis and metabolic degradation, emphasizing the role of NAD+ in coordinating energy metabolism and maintaining cellular physiological functions. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between NAD+ and aging, which is vital for understanding and treating age-related pathological processes.

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Synthesis and Degradation of NAD+ and Methods for Enhancing Its Levels

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Mei-Ling Sun,
  • Hai-Dong Xu,
  • Zheng-Hong Qin

摘要

Nicotinamide (NAM) adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) serves as a crucial metabolite and coenzyme involved in regulating various metabolic pathways and processes of cellular biology, including energy metabolism, aging, cell death, DNA repair, gene expression, etc. Notably, to maintain its intracellular levels, NAD+ is in a homeostatic state of biosynthesis, consumption, recycling, and degradation at both cellular and systemic levels. In mammalian cells, three canonical pathways for NAD+ biosynthesis have been identified. The homeostasis of NAD+ is essential for human health, and a decline in NAD+ levels is closely associated with the development and progression of age-related diseases. Therefore, we summarize the recent advances in NAD+ biosynthesis and metabolic degradation, emphasizing the role of NAD+ in coordinating energy metabolism and maintaining cellular physiological functions. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between NAD+ and aging, which is vital for understanding and treating age-related pathological processes.