The demand for fresh, high-quality water is rapidly rising due to population growth. Desalination has emerged as a promising technology offering a sustainable solution for producing clean water. In this context, the present chapter focuses on membrane-based desalination technologies. These technologies provide several advantages, including high salt rejection, energy efficiency, low production costs, time efficiency, and superior quality of the final product. This review explores various membranes and their functionalities in applications such as electrodialysis, pervaporation, and nanocomposite processes for desalination.