In the long history of China, water transport has always assumed the important mission of prospering the economy, exchanging culture, and promoting international economic and trade exchanges, and has played a decisive role. At present, comprehensively deepening reform is a breakthrough and leading key link in the strategic layout of the “Four Comprehensives”. The realization of the international passenger flow and logistics development goals of the “Outline for Building a Powerful Transportation Nation” depends on strong aviation and maritime transport. In particular, the establishment of reliable, economical and efficient global transportation services and a complete supply chain system is an indispensable and important component in achieving the goal of a modern and powerful socialist country. Historical experience shows that when maritime transport is prosperous, the economy will be strong. The port is the support point and base of maritime transportation, and it is the support and destination of water transportation. Therefore, this chapter chooses ports and water transportation as the subject, reviews the historical context, and provides an outlook to development to support the dream of becoming a strong country.