The wing structure, which significantly impacts aircraft performance, fuel efficiency, and safety, is a critical component of an aircraft. Compared to metals and thermoset composite materials commonly used in wing structures, thermoplastic composites, distinguished by their lightweightness, high strength, fatigue and corrosion resistance, recyclability, reprocessability and integral molding have garnered increasing attention. This review systematically examines the utilization of thermoplastic composites across diverse aircraft categories and significant projects. Delving into facets such as material systems, structural characteristics, molding techniques, and joining processes, the review encompasses an in-depth analysis of material selection, applications, the present state of manufacturing processes, and associated challenges. The comprehensive evaluation aims to furnish valuable insights and references pertaining to the developmental trajectory of subsequent advancements in thermoplastic composites.