As the quantum computers are rapidly advancing, the traditional cryptographic systems, which rely on computational hardness will face significant challenges that quantum computers will eventually break. Widely adopted algorithms in present such as RSA, ECC and Diffie-Hellman are already threatened by Shor’s algorithm. This paper surveys the domain of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) with focus on the development of algorithms that can withstand quantum attacks and also preserve security against traditional adversaries. The study outlines the quantum threats and importance of shifting towards PQC. Various PQC approaches such as lattice-based, code-based, multi-variate, hash-based, and isogeny-based cryptography has been reviewed based on their underlying principle and resilience against quantum adversaries. The NIST’s Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process is emphasized as a critical focus area, detailing its multi-phase evaluation methodology and the selection of finalists and alternate candidates. Additionally, the paper explores the theoretical foundations and practical implementation of PQC algorithms, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses across various application contexts. Ultimately, this survey underscores the critical importance of preparing cryptographic infrastructures for the quantum era. It advocates for continued research, collaboration, and standardization efforts to ensure robust, quantum-resistant cryptographic solutions that safeguard sensitive data and digital communications in an increasingly quantum-enabled world.