Environmental vibration and noise issues caused by subways have become significant concerns in urban development. To mitigate the impact on residents, various vibration-reducing track structures have been implemented in newly constructed subway lines. However, the performance differences of these structures in practical applications remain substantial. This study analyzes the vibration transmission characteristics and reduction effects of typical vibration-reducing track structures through field measurements. Four track structures were selected on a newly constructed subway line: normal slab track, slab track with elastic fastening, floating slab with rubber pads, and floating slab with steel spring. Sensors were installed on the rails, track slabs, and tunnel walls to monitor structural vibrations induced by passing trains. Time-domain and frequency-domain analyses, along with insertion loss analysis, were performed on the measured data to reveal the vibration transmission characteristics and vibration reduction performance of the different track structures. Results show that all three vibration-reducing measures can effectively reduce environmental vibration. The slab track with elastic fastening achieves 5–30 dB vibration reduction at the track slab, while the floating slab with steel spring achieves 25–50 dB reduction at the tunnel wall. The floating slab with rubber pads achieves a stable 5–30 dB reduction across different train conditions. By analyzing the measured data, a more accurate assessment of the vibration reduction performance of different track structures can be achieved, significantly contributing to understanding the relationship between subway track structures and environmental vibration.