From this study we have been able to confirm the existence of two distinct groups of ethnic Chinese, Totoks and Peranakans, each with its own identity and interests. The Totoks are characterized by a social, cultural, and political orientation towards Peking-China or Taiwan. In the context of the larger society, however, they are oriented towards themselves; in other words, they have a strong sense of group identity. This is indicated by the fact that they have their own formal organizations, their own private schools with Chinese as the medium of instruction and a considerable number of the teachers imported from or trained outside of Indonesia; social interaction is primarily if not solely within their own group; contact with both Peranakans and Indonesians is largely limited to the impersonal area of business and commerce.