Soft Materials for Wearable Electronics

Recent advancements in soft materials and system integration technologies have paved the way for creating a diverse range of wearable flexible electronic devices capable of real-time monitoring of physiological signals and delivering therapeutics, thereby revolutionizing personalized healthcare. However, the differences in properties between rigid, inorganic electronic devices and soft, organic human tissues present significant challenges, including skin irritation, tissue damage, reduced signal quality, and limited device lifespan. Consequently, to mitigate these challenges, extensive research efforts have been directed on developing flexible and stretchable device configurations and novel soft materials. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive summary of recent research and technological advances in soft materials, emphasizing the importance of various mechanical, physical, electrochemical, and biological properties essential for designing conformable and stretchable wearable devices. We discuss evolving classes of soft materials used in cutting-edge wearable and implantable sensor technologies. Furthermore, we argue emerging trends, limitations, and future prospects in the field, along with methods to overcome challenges such as signal reliability, biocompatibility, and comfort-of-wear. Collectively, this chapter offers valuable insights for researchers and stakeholders involved in the design, fabrication, and application of soft materials for next-generation wearable sensors, outlining the necessary requirements for material properties, sensor capabilities, electronics performance, and skin integration.