Student and resident as teacher education is essential in supporting the development of teacher identity and in preparing the next generation of teachers. Despite ongoing interest and recognition of the importance of such programs, many residency programs lack formal training on teaching because of a lack of resources and other competing demands. In this chapter, we present a review of existing resident-as-teacher (RaT) programs to: (1) identify the gap between existing programs and needs; (2) elucidate the best structure and content for such programs by identifying common and innovative elements of published programs; and (3) make suggestions for future programs that consider best practices and feasibility in a global context. The growing literature on student-as-teacher (SaT) programs will also be explored. Although this chapter focuses on literature within medical education, the findings and recommendations may be applicable to other health professions.