This study aims to demonstrate how glass powder (GP) particles of varying sizes gain functionality during the fine-grained soil improvement process. The study investigates the geotechnical properties and stability of soil samples treated with waste GP at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% proportions to the natural low-plasticity (CL) clayey soil sample along with 5% of hydrated lime (HL). Additionally, this study investigates the effect of freezing and thawing (F-T) cycles on the mechanical behavior of treated clay soil. The geotechnical behavior of the treated samples indicated that 7.5% GP resulted in higher strength at 28 days of room temperature curing. Atterberg limits values were improved with the increment of the GP content. The results revealed that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of soil samples treated with finer particles of GP (FGP) were higher than those treated with coarser particles of GP (CGP). The strength improvement was 166.14% and 190.89% for samples treated with 5%HL + 7.5% of CGP and FGP respectively. Moreover, after 28 F-T cycles, soil samples treated with CGP and FGP exhibited higher UCS values compared to samples cured at intermediate temperatures. A significant increase in UCS, with the highest percentage increment recorded as 1141.59% for the sample treated with 5%HL + 7.5%FGP and 1011.17% for the sample treated with 5%HL + 7.5%CGP after 28 cycles. A significant decrease in LL values was observed for all 4 F-T cycles for the 5%HL + 7.5%GP soil mixtures. Due to the large particle surface area at the smaller size, finer GP particles can significantly impact the physical and geotechnical behaviors and engineering characteristics of soil. The study results will assist in developing a sustainable and cost-effective soil stabilization manner.