Tuber crops are the second most important global source of carbohydrates as compared with cereals. Yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) is one such tuber crop, i.e., native to Mexico and Central America. In India, it is grown in Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and North-Eastern India. This plant not only has nutritional values but also contains medicinal as well as industrial values. The yam bean tubers are eaten as fresh or consumed as salads, soups, stir-fried, and pickles especially in Southeast Asia. It is adapted to a wide range of environments and is closely related to major legume crops like soybean and cowpea. Information regarding diversity in molecular-level and other sequenced-based markers in yam bean is very limited, though a new draft genome assembly has been recently used to study the genetic diversity in yam bean. This chapter provided a detailed description about the origin and distribution, genetic resource, agronomy, molecular and genomic studies, and future prospectus of yam bean.