Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a globally distributed annual herb renowned for its nutritional value, stress tolerance, and medicinal properties. As a genetic resource, common purslane offers significant potential for agricultural and biotechnological applications. Its genetic diversity, encompassing a wide range of phenotypic traits and environmental adaptations, makes it an invaluable subject for scientific study and breeding programs. Research on purslane’s genetic resources focuses on understanding its genomic architecture, identifying stress tolerance genes, and exploring its potential as a crop for arid and semi-arid regions. Genomic studies have revealed that purslane possesses a unique C4 photosynthetic pathway, contributing to its exceptional drought and heat resistance. Additionally, the plant’s high content of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants underscores its nutritional benefits, making it a promising candidate for improving food security and nutritional quality in marginal environments. This chapter addresses the methodologies employed in the collection, conservation, and characterization of purslane genetic resources. It discusses the role of germplasm collections and genetic databases in preserving biodiversity and supporting breeding programs. Modern biotechnological approaches, such as genome editing and marker-assisted selection, are reviewed as tools to harness and enhance desirable traits in purslane. This chapter integrates traditional knowledge with contemporary genetic research, providing a comprehensive understanding of common purslane’s potential in sustainable agriculture. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of continued research and conservation efforts to fully exploit the genetic resources of this versatile, resilient, and nutritionally rich plant.