The genetic resources of chilli (Capsicum spp.) are essential for enhancing crop and ensuring food security. These resources include landraces, wild species, and cultivated varieties, representing a broad spectrum of genetic diversity. Genetic resource conservation of chilli is accomplished by both in situ techniques like protected areas and on-farm conservation and ex situ techniques like seed banks and cryopreservation. In-depth morphological, biochemical, and molecular analyses are used to characterize and assess these resources in order to pinpoint desirable qualities like fruit quality, heat tolerance, and disease resistance. By utilizing this genetic diversity, plant breeding programs can develop improved chilli cultivars that can withstand biotic and abiotic stresses, leading to increased yield and sustainability. The present chapter emphasizes the importance of conserving the available genetic resources of chilli to support breeding innovations and address the challenges posed by climate change and evolving pest dynamics.