Benincasa hispida, also known as wax gourd, ash gourd, or winter melon, is a vining plant native to South and Southeast Asia. It is a widely cultivated and economically significant crop throughout Asia, particularly in India and China. It is cultivated primarily for its large, edible fruit, but it has also played an important role in traditional medicine for centuries. Ash gourd is a rich source of essential nutrients. It is low in calories but high in vitamins, especially vitamin C, and minerals like potassium and magnesium. It also contains dietary fiber, which helps with digestion, as well as antioxidants, which may provide a variety of health benefits. Young wax gourds have a mild, sweet flavor, making them ideal for stir-fries, stews, and even candies. Their thick skin is pickled, providing a distinct crunch to preserves. Their mature counterparts, known for their waxy skin, are common in traditional pickles and preserves, adding a distinct textural element. According to studies, it may help with inflammation, diabetes prevention, and kidney health. Globally, genetic resources are conserved in gene banks, but the majority of the accessions are housed in Asia. In India, demand-based cultivars tailored to specific regions were released. This book chapter investigates genetic resources and their application in the breeding program of B. hispida.