Spine gourd (Momordica dioica) is a potential commercial crop with minor or underutilized status. It is a cucurbitaceous crop grown for its nutritionally rich, medicinally valuable fruits and tubers. This perennial dioecious vegetable has been gaining momentum in production in recent years due to its therapeutic properties and high market value. However, very limited research efforts have been dedicated to the characterization of its genetic resources and their use in crop improvement. In this chapter, we discuss its botany, nomenclature, and taxonomic treatments. The species diversity in relation to its distribution and its relationship with other Momordica species is reviewed. The focus is also given to the constraints associated with its cultivation and area expansion, with strategies to mitigate these problems also highlighted. We collected literature on breeding methods and the limited genetic improvement efforts conducted. The improved varieties, along with their key traits, are listed. This chapter revolves around information about the genetic resources of Momordica, aiming to enhance their conservation and utilization in breeding programs.