Pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) is a vegetatively propagated, perennial, dioecious, and indigenous cucurbitaceous vegetable. The fruits of pointed gourd are considered as highly nutritious as compared to other cucurbit vegetables and are used as a traditional vegetable in the Indian cuisine and for the preparation of confectionary. Among the vegetables pointed gourd is a good source of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber and is also valued for its medicinal properties. Being a perennial, pointed gourd fruits are almost available throughout the year except severe winter month of December and January. Fruits are also valued for the preparation of high-quality sweets and long-distance transportation from production centers to nontraditional area. It is originated in Indian subcontinent or Indo-Malayan region, and greater diversity is reported in northern and eastern part of the India and Bangladesh. In this chapter the genetic resources of pointed gourd and the efforts dedicated toward its use in genetic improvement of the crop are thoroughly reviewed and discussed.