Plants serve as a crucial resource for the pharmaceutical industry, with many relying on medicinal plants for essential healthcare needs. However, escalating global demand for phytoconstituents has led to the overexploitation of wild plant resources. Cultivation presents an alternative, yet challenges persist, particularly with tree species and herbs due to extended juvenile periods and a lack of established cultivation protocols. Harvesting entire plants for their valuable active principles, primarily stored in roots, further exacerbates conservation concerns. Plant tissue culture emerges as a promising solution for the sustainable production of these vital phytoconstituents. Root cultures offer advantages for mass production, characterized by rapid growth, specific biosynthetic capabilities, and genetic stability. Both untransformed adventitious roots and transformed hairy root cultures have garnered attention from researchers across various plant species, showcasing potential for scalable production and further exploration in pharmaceutical and allied industries.