The current world’s demand for food relies more and more on increasing productivity instead of enlarging cultivated areas. Soybean is the primary oil and protein agricultural source and one of the world most cultivated crops. Researchers worldwide have successfully developed efforts to improve soybean grain productivity over time, which has been noticeable in the main producing countries of this crop, such as Brazil, the USA, and Argentina. The productivity increase can be attributed to new technologies, improved agricultural practices, and the genetic gains from plant breeding. As a result of these breeding efforts, soybean productivity has risen, accompanied by changes in the canopy morphophysiology, such as lodging resistance, reduced pod shattering, and leaf shape, but this is not completely understood. The potential productivity of soybean is more than twice the average productivity currently obtained in the world (around 3.5 Mg ha−1), and to achieve this, new advances need to be made in morphophysiology and plant architecture. The soybean plant is expected to improve resilience to withstand extreme meteorological events such as excessive rainfall, drought, and elevated temperature. Improvements in plant physiology may be necessary, such as increased RuBisCO carboxylation, water use efficiency, lower respiratory activity, and resilience to pathogens. In this chapter, we will address the status and prospects for increasing soybean crop productivity, especially in the current context of climate change.