Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), belonging to the family Fabaceae, is an important legume crop with high protein and oil content. It originated in South-East Asia and evolved from wild perennial to cultivated soybean. It was introduced to different countries including India and North America. The genus Glycine is subdivided into two subgenera, Glycine and Soja. Soybeans are used for food and industrial purposes and are also a source of animal feed. Biotic stresses, such as pathogens and insects, are two major concerns for soybean producers. These disease pathogens and pests can account for 30–100% of total yield and quality loss if not treated timely and effectively. Research has focused on identifying diseases, sources of resistance and developing resistant breeding lines through classical breeding, quantitative trait loci (QTL) and marker-assisted breeding approaches. Molecular markers have been used to identify desired traits followed by introgression or pyramiding for the development of resistant genotypes. Multiple QTLs have been identified resulting in the development of suitable future breeding lines as well as disease-pest-resistant varieties. Though intensive studies have been conducted for disease resistance, the study in insect-pest resistance is lacking, far behind. This chapter deals with different fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases and pests of soybean and the recent progress in the field of resistance breeding in soybean.