Shrimp farming is a vital component of the aquaculture industry, contributing substantially to global seafood supplies. However, shrimp cultivation is susceptible to various diseases, posing significant challenges to farmers worldwide. Evolution from traditional methods to sophisticated molecular diagnostics has revolutionized disease detection in shrimp aquaculture. Advancements in diagnostic techniques, including PCR assays, immunological assays, and portable devices, have revolutionized shrimp disease management. These molecular tools enable rapid and accurate detection, differentiation of strains, and on-site diagnostics, facilitating timely interventions. Furthermore, bioinformatic advancements aid in genomic and metagenomic analyses, enhancing our understanding of disease susceptibility and virulence factors. As the aquaculture industry continues to expand to meet global demands, effective disease management strategies are imperative. Molecular diagnostic assays play a crucial role in mitigating disease outbreaks, ensuring the sustainability and productivity of shrimp farming. Continued research and technological innovations in shrimp health management will be essential for addressing emerging challenges and securing the future of aquaculture.