Salinization has affected soil fertility, food production, livelihoods, and food security worldwide. The majority of salt-affected soils are found in arid and semi-arid climatic zones, characterized by inadequate precipitation and poor percolation of salts. Various anthropogenic activities, mainly canal irrigation and the application of fertilizers and other chemicals in agriculture, have aggravated the problem of soil salinization. Global warming further intensified soil salinization due to increased evapotranspiration and inadequate rainfall, leading to the accumulation of salts on the soil surface. About 20% of the total cultivated and 33% of irrigated lands are estimated to be salt-affected worldwide. Inland saline water (ISW) under the salt-affected soils has been potentially utilized for aquaculture in non-coastal north-western (N-W) states of India, where commercial-scale farming of pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) expanded very fast in last 5–10 years with a lucrative net income of up to INR 10 lakh/ha/ crop. The N-W states are now eyed as a future hub for shrimp production in India for its pristine underground saline water. Present status, scope, and emerging challenges are discussed in the chapter, with recommended actions and policy support required for eco-responsible development of shrimp farming in N-W India.