The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a highly sought-after marine crustacean with substantial commercial importance globally, owing to its high market demand and successful aquaculture practices. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the taxonomic classification, biological characteristics, maturity stages and anatomical attributes of Pacific white shrimp. Classified within the phylum Arthropoda, class Malacostraca, order Decapoda and family Penaeidae, these shrimps are native to the eastern Pacific Ocean but have been introduced into various geographical regions. Their complex life cycle involves distinct larval phases, favouring rapid growth and reproduction through sexual means. Although females possess well-developed ovaries filled with eggs and males exhibit mature testes, they are not yet fully mature for reproduction at this stage but are capable of mating and progeny production. However, susceptibility to diseases presents a significant challenge in aquaculture. L. vannamei displays a streamlined body structure with a curved rostrum, distinct colour patterns and various appendages like chelipeds and pereiopods. Specialized structures such as pleopods aid in swimming, while gills are crucial for respiration. Understanding the taxonomy, biology and anatomy of L. vannamei is pivotal for its successful cultivation and effective management, ensuring its continual contribution to the thriving global seafood industry.