Acacia gums (AGs), particularly A. senegal gum, A. seyal gum, and A. polyacantha gums, are complex polysaccharide materials with unique characteristics and diverse applications. This chapter comprehensively analyzes these gums and explores their botanical origins, geographical distribution, physicochemical properties, and functional roles as emulsifiers, stabilizers, and thickeners. Active ingredients, mainly complex polysaccharides and proteins, are investigated using modern analytical techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study revealed that these gums are polyuronides with uronic acid residues, hexose residues in the pyranose configuration, and pentose residues in the furanose form. A. senegal and A. seyal are sources of gum arabic, a polysaccharide crucial for various applications. The protein content of these gums plays a significant role in their emulsifying and stabilizing properties. This chapter also explores the similarities and differences in polysaccharide composition between AGs and other tree gums such as Khaya senegalensis gum, Sterculia tomentose gum, and Olibanum gum. The diverse biological applications of AGs in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries are highlighted, emphasizing their multifaceted significance as natural polysaccharide gums that compete with gums from marine algae and higher plants.