Automatic Detection of Initial Contact and Foot Off Events in Children with Gait Disorders Using Deep Learning Networks with Effective Kinematic Features
摘要
Automatic identification of the occurrence of heel strike/initial contact (IC) and toe off/foot off (FO) gait events is a desirable initial step for deriving fast and accurate, clinically relevant results from 3D gait analysis of a patient with paediatric pathological gait. Research has used various techniques, such as coordinate-based algorithms, velocity-based algorithms, rule-based algorithms, machine learning and fuzzy logic-based techniques, for the determination of IC of the foot and FO events automatically in pathological gait. With deep learning, sequence-to-sequence long short-term memory network (LSTM) models have used kinematic features, like the 3D position of foot markers and their velocities, to automatically detect the gait events successfully. False positives are a concern when detecting these events and have been addressed earlier using peak detection methods. We used a sequence-to-sequence LSTM in our study with various combinations of kinematic features given as input to the LSTM network to examine the impact of the expert-derived features on the performance of the deep learning model and to check for the reduction of false positives obtained. The study successfully shows that changing input features to a model with an otherwise fixed configuration improves the deep learning model’s performance and results in a reduction in the number of false positives on the test set.