In China, a conspicuous disparity exists among the built environments within urban and rural areas and the lifestyle requirements of the elderly, presenting a notable social issue. Throughout the urbanization process, the built environments in both urban and rural regions may not sufficiently address the preferences and requirements of the elderly demographic. This deficiency may encompass shortcomings in public transportation infrastructure, community services, and other aspects, consequently constraining the social engagement and activity scope of the elderly population. Despite the built environment at the community level being conducive to social interaction and physical activity among the elderly, the reality often deviates from their needs. Challenges such as insufficient pedestrian pathways, parks, and fitness facilities may impede the eagerness and capability of the elderly to actively participate in community life. To address these challenges, this study employed the Adaboost iterative algorithm and traditional logistic regression analysis to comprehensively grasp the influence of the constructed environment on the well-being of older adults. Through an examination of factors such as physical activity levels, dietary intake, and social interaction among the elderly, it was discerned that the built environment significantly influences the physical activity of older individuals, particularly in factors such as population density and residential areas. Additionally, a close correlation was observed between the built environment and the dietary intake of the elderly, indicating the potential influence of the built environment on their lifestyle. However, it is noteworthy that besides built environment factors, social demographic factors also play a pivotal role in determining social interaction among the elderly. This suggests that when considering the living environment of the elderly, attention should not solely be directed towards enhancing physical surroundings but also towards comprehending the influence of social environments on their lives. Therefore, future research endeavors should further propose strategic recommendations for creating “age-friendly” and "aging in one’s original place” environments in urban and rural areas of China, aiming to better address the diverse needs of the elderly and provide a more scientifically grounded basis for relevant policy-making.