Endoscopic Diagnosis for Helicobacter pylori Infection

In areas endemic to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, a national screening program for gastric cancer is often performed using endoscopic examination. During endoscopic screening, it is important to obtain gastric biopsies for H. pylori tests when the endoscopic findings suggest an infection. Herein, the endoscopic findings suggesting ongoing H. pylori infection are summarized. Furthermore, the types and limitations of invasive methods used for H. pylori confirmation are described.